Comparativa de la financiación vía cotizaciones en las pensiones y edad de jubilación: Situación en Alemania, España, Francia, Italia y Suecia

Milton Antonio Fonseca Velásquez; Ángel Acevedo-Duque

Authors

Milton Antonio Fonseca Velásquez National Autonomous University of Honduras https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4975-3754 (unauthenticated)
Ángel Acevedo-Duque Universidad Autónoma de Chile https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8774-3282 (unauthenticated)

Keywords:

Social security, European Union, social policy, retirement age, pension system

Abstract

This study reviews employee and employer contribution-based pension financing and retirement age in five EU countries: Germany, Spain, France, Italy, and Sweden. It compares similarities and differences in how pensions are financed and the applicable retirement ages. Spain operates a pay-as-you-go system with most contributions from employers; retirement age in 2025 will be 66 years and eight months after at least 15 years of contributions, including two immediately prior to retirement. In Sweden, employees can make individual savings through banks or insurance companies, forming a third pension pillar. In general, these systems provide comprehensive coverage from the beginning of working life through retirement.

Downloads

195 registered galley accesses

Last 12 months: 143

PDF: 195 · HTML: 0 · Other formats: 0

Article page views

2452 registered views

Last 12 months: 2205

History retained by PKP. Accesses are not unique people and do not guarantee a completed download. Data through: 2026-11-05.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Asociacion Internacional de la Seguridad Social. (07 de 03 de 2025). Desarrollos y Tendencias en la Seguridad Social - Europa 2024. https://www.issa.int/sites/default/files/documents/2024-04/3-D%26T%20Report-Europe-2024-FINAL.pdf

Avram, S. (2016). Social assistance performance in Central and Eastern Europe: A pre-transfer post-transfer comparison. Journal of European Social Policy, 26(5), 428-441. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928716664296

Börner, S. (2020). Marshall revisited: EU social policy from a social-rights perspective. Journal of European Social Policy, 30(4), 421-435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928720904330

Bund, D. R. (21 de 02 de 2025). Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund. https://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/DRV/ES/Leistungen/leistungen_node.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (25 de 02 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_italie.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (06 de 03 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_allemagne5.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (24 de 02 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/cotisations/italie.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (07 de 03 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/cotisations/espagne.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (25 de 02 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_france3.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (08 de 03 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_france_index.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (09 de 03 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/cotisations/suede.html

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (10 de 03 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_italie.html#atmp

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (22 de 02 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_espagne_salaries.html#vieillesse

Centro de Relaciones Europeas e Internacionales de Seguridad Social. (24 de 02 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/regimes/regime_france0.html

Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund. (06 de 03 de 2025). Deutsche Rentenversicherung. https://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/DRV/ES/Versicherung/versicherung_node.html

Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund. (22 de 02 de 2025). Deutsche Rentenversicherung Bund. https://www.deutsche-rentenversicherung.de/DRV/ES/Deutsche_Rentenversicherung/unternehmensprofil_node.html

Ebbinghaus, B. (2021). Inequalities and poverty risks in old age across Europe: The double-edged income effect of pension systems. Social Policy and Administration, 55(3), 440-455. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12683

Elsevier. (07 de 02 de 2025). Elsevier. https://www.elsevier.com/

Hess, M. (2017). Rising Preferred Retirement Age in Europe: Are Europe’s Future Pensioners Adapting to Pension System Reforms? Journal of Aging and Social Policy, 29(3), 245-261. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2016.1255082

Hohnerlein, E. (2019). Pension indexation for retirees revisited – Normative patterns and legal standards. Global Social Policy, 19(3), 246-265. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018119842028

Mäcken, J. (2019). Work stress among older employees in Germany: Effects on health and retirement age. PLoS ONE, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211487

Maldonado, J. A. (2018). EL FACTOR DE SOSTENIBILIDAD EN EUROPA Y ESPAÑA. 3(1), 110-134. https://doi.org/10.12795/e-RIPS.2018.i02.06

Ministerio de Inclusion Seguridad Social y Migraciones. (05 de 03 de 2025). Seguridad Social. https://www.seg-social.es/wps/portal/wss/internet/Trabajadores/CotizacionRecaudacionTrabajadores/48410

Ministerio de Inclusion, S. S. (21 de 02 de 2025). Seguridad Social. https://prestaciones.seg-social.es/servicio/pension-jubilacion.html

Mittag, O., Kotkas, T., Reese, C., Kampling, H., Groskreutz, H., de Boer, W., & Welti, F. (2018). Intervention policies and social security in case of reduced working capacity in the Netherlands, Finland and Germany: a comparative analysis. International Journal of Public Health, 63(9), 1081-1088. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1133-3

Naczyk, M. (2018). When finance captures labor’s capital: Dominant personal pensions, resurgent occupational provision in Central and Eastern Europe. Social Policy and Administration, 52(2), 549-562. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12383

Oficina Nacional de Pensiones de Suecia. (21 de 02 de 2025). PENSIONS MYNDIGHETEN. https://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se/ga-i-pension/planera-din-pension/pensionsaldrar-och-riktalder

Oficina Nacional de Pensiones de Suecia. (13 de 03 de 2025). PENSIONS MYNDIGHETEN. https://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se/forsta-din-pension/sa-fungerar-pensionen/pensionens-alla-delar

Oficina Nacional de Pensiones de Suecia. (19 de 02 de 2025). PENSIONS MYNDIGHETEN. https://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se/other-languages/espanol-spanska/espanol-spanska/su-pension-consta-de-varias-partes

Oficina Nacional de Pensiones de Suecia. (20 de 02 de 2025). PENSIONS MYNDIGHETEN. https://www.pensionsmyndigheten.se/other-languages/espanol-spanska/espanol-spanska/pension-de-garantia-para-las-personas-de-bajos-ingresos

Patrício, L., Figueiredo, N., Gouveia Rodrigues, R., & Silva, R. (2022). The value of human values: The importance of government performance towards security. Social Policy and Administration, 56(3), 438-451. https://doi.org/10.1111/spol.12777

Rey-Ares, L., Fernández-López, S., & Vivel-Búa, M. (2018). The Influence of Social Models on Retirement Savings: Evidence for European Countries. Social Indicators Research, 136(1), 247-268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-016-1533-9

Salido, M., Moreno-Castro, C., Belletti, F., Yghemonos, S., Ferrer, J., & Casanova, G. (2022). Innovating European Long-Term Care Policies through the Socio-Economic Support of Families: A Lesson from Practices. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su14074097

Social, C. d. (22 de 02 de 2025). CLEISS. https://www.cleiss.fr/docs/cotisations/espagne.html

Stanovnik, T., Bejaković, P., & Chłoń-Domińczak, A. (2015). The collection of pension contributions: A comparative review of three central european countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja, 28(1), 1149-1161. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2015.1100836

Szymańska, A. (2023). Structure of the population or economic conditions? Determinants of spending on social protection in the European Union. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istrazivanja , 36(1), 2273-2297. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2022.2097105

Union Europea. (10 de 03 de 2025). Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/EARN_MW_CUR__custom_2025891/bookmark/table?lang=en&bookmarkId=1e001bbb-1654-4b58-98ff-f012128cd9a7